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The Fair Woman

Unmatched in our age, a beauty dwells
where empty valleys hide her lonely state.
She tells of gentle birth now cast away,
along the grass and timber left to wait.
When Guanzhong fell in ruin and defeat,
her brothers met the slaughter of the sword;
what use to speak of official rank and place,
when torn remains could not be half-restored?
The world detests a house that sinks to decay,
where all things drift like torches in the wind;
her fickle husband took a shining bride,
whose jade-like face has put the old behind.
The silk-tree blossoms know the proper hour,
mandarin ducks will never roost alone;
she sees the second wife's triumphant smile,
while no one hears the abandoned woman's moan.
Within the hills, the mountain stream runs clear;
outside the hills, the mountain stream runs foul.
Her serving maid returns from selling pearls,
as vines are pulled to patch the broken howl.
She gathers flowers but pins them not to hair;
she breaks the cypress boughs till hands are full.
The weather chills, her emerald sleeves are thin;
at dusk she leans against the bamboo cool.
絕代有佳人,幽居在空谷。
自雲良家子,零落依草木。
關中昔喪敗,兄弟遭殺戮。
官高何足論,不得收骨肉。
世情惡衰歇,萬事隨轉燭。
夫壻輕薄兒,新人已如玉。
合昏尚知時,鴛鴦不獨宿。
但見新人笑,那聞舊人哭。
在山泉水清,出山泉水濁。
侍婢賣珠回,牽蘿補茅屋。
摘花不插髮,採柏動盈匊。
天寒翠袖薄,日暮倚修竹。
jué dài yǒu jiā rén, yōu jū zài kōng gǔ.
zì yún liáng jiā zǐ, líng luò yī cǎo mù.
guān zhōng xī sàng bài, xiōng dì zāo shā lù.
guān gāo hé zú lùn, bù dé shōu gǔ ròu.
shì qíng wù shuāi xiē, wàn shì suí zhuǎn zhú.
fū xù qīng bó ér, xīn rén yǐ rú yù.
hé hūn shàng zhī shí, yuān yāng bù dú sù.
dàn jiàn xīn rén xiào, nà wén jiù rén kū.
zài shān quán shuǐ qīng, chū shān quán shuǐ zhuó.
shì bì mài zhū huí, qiān luó bǔ máo wū.
zhāi huā bù chā fà, cǎi bǎi dòng yíng jū.
tiān hán cuì xiù báo, rì mù yǐ xiū zhú.
Generation-peerless has fair woman, secluded dwelling in empty valley.
Self says good family daughter, fallen, dependent on grass and trees.
Guanzhong formerly defeat-loss, brothers suffered slaughter.
Office high how worth discussing, not able to gather bones and flesh.
World sentiment dislikes decline-failing, ten-thousand matters follow turning torch.
Husband is fickle youth, new person already like jade.
Albizia still knows time, mandarin ducks do not solitary roost.
Only see new person laugh, how hear old person cry?
In mountain spring water clear, out of mountain spring water turbid.
Handmaid selling pearls returns, pulling creepers to mend thatched cottage.
Plucking flowers not inserting hair, gathering cypress moves filling two hands.
Weather cold emerald sleeves thin, dusk approaching leaning against tall bamboo.

I. Formal Poetic Architecture & Meter

This masterpiece is composed in the rigorous ancient-style verse format known as Old Verse, specifically utilizing five-character lines without strict regulatory constraints on tonal meter or parallel couplets. However, Du Fu naturally weaves sophisticated internal structural contrasts and rhythmic pacing throughout the twenty-eight lines. The rhyme scheme follows a consistent, resonant level-tone rhyme across alternating couplets, driving the narrative forward with an elegiac momentum that mirrors the tragic descent of the protagonist from elite nobility to utter destitution.

II. Historical Chronology & Existential Impulse

Composed during the turbulent mid-Tang era following the outbreak of the An Lushan Rebellion in the middle eighth century, the poem reflects the widespread devastation, familial fracturing, and social dislocation that upended the imperial capital and its surrounding provinces. Du Fu himself experienced the terrifying chaos of flight and political marginalization during this period. The plight of the abandoned and impoverished aristocratic woman serves as a brilliant objective correlative for the broader national tragedy, capturing the heart-wrenching dissolution of traditional family bonds, the heartlessness of a shifting political and social elite, and the profound trauma inflicted upon the empire.

III. Line-by-Line Exegesis & Allusion Decoding

The poem unfolds through a masterly cinematic arc, moving from remote mountain landscape to intimate psychological portraiture, and concluding in haunting visual stillness.

  • Lines 1-2 (Opening Couplet): Line 1 ("Unmatched in our age, a beauty dwells") introduces the exceptional dignity of the protagonist, while Line 2 ("where empty valleys hide her lonely state") establishes an atmosphere of pristine isolation and tragic estrangement from society.
  • Lines 3-4 (First Antithetical Turn): Line 3 ("She tells of gentle birth now cast away") and Line 4 ("along the grass and timber left to wait") recount the sudden cataclysm of civil war, juxtaposing noble lineage with brutal destitution.
  • Lines 5-6 (Second Antithetical Turn / Climax): Line 5 ("When Guanzhong fell in ruin and defeat") and Line 6 ("her brothers met the slaughter of the sword") anchor the narrative in historical catastrophe, highlighting the failure of official status to protect loved ones.
  • Closing Lines (Resolving Couplet): Line 27 ("The weather chills, her emerald sleeves are thin") and Line 28 ("at dusk she leans against the bamboo cool") provide a breathtaking visual cadence, merging seasonal chill and twilight sorrow into an indelible portrait of endurance.

IV. Cultural Symbolism & Key Metaphors

Du Fu deploys deeply embedded traditional motifs to heighten the emotional resonance of the narrative without relying on explicit authorial moralizing.

  • Mountain Stream: The contrast between clear mountain water and turbid outside water in Line 19 ("Within the hills, the mountain stream runs clear") symbolizes the uncorrupted moral integrity of the fallen noblewoman versus the moral pollution of the wider world.
  • Bamboo and Cypress: The tall bamboo and hardy cypress gathered in the concluding lines signify steadfast resilience, loyalty, and unyielding virtue in the face of bitter winter and social abandonment.

V. Philosophical Core & Global Resonance

The philosophical foundation of the poem rests upon the intersection of Confucian societal duty and Daoist endurance. It laments the collapse of moral order and familial loyalty under the pressures of war while exalting the quiet, dignified persistence of the human spirit amidst profound desolation. The universal resonance of the piece lies in its unflinching witness to human vulnerability, capturing the quiet nobility of those discarded by history, which ensures its enduring power across global literary traditions.

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