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Song of Lady Gongsun's Disciple Dancing the Sword Weapon

Once lived a beauty of the Gongsun line,
Whose sword-dance swept the empire like a gale.
As mountains thronged the stunned and breathless stage,
The very cosmos bowed and rose in pale
Awe before her. Bright as archer Yi
Who shot down nine blazing suns from the sky,
Or lords who ride twin dragons soaring high!
Now gathering thunder rolls its wrath away,
Now quiet seas condense the crystal day.
Her crimson lips and pearl-decked sleeves are still,
Yet pupils walk her path and guard her skill.
That maiden from Linying now far away
At Baidi town performs the ancient lay,
Her spirit soaring as she starts to play.
We spoke of old, and as we shared our mind,
My grief grew heavier for the years behind.
Eight thousand maidens filled the palace hall,
Yet in sword-art she was first among them all.
Then fifty years flipped over like a hand:
Dark tempests broke and desolated the land.
The Pear Garden musicians drifted away like smoke,
Cold winter sunlight touched the aging troupe's cloak.
South of the imperial mounds the pines are tall,
And Qutang's fortress sees the grasses fall.
The banquet flute accelerates its strain;
Joy turns to sorrow as the moon climbs plain.
An aged wanderer on these stony heights,
With calloused feet through desolate, wild nights.
昔有佳人公孫氏,一舞劒氣動四方。
觀者如山色沮喪,天地爲之久低昂。
㸌如羿射九日落,矯如羣帝驂龍翔。
來如雷霆收震怒,罷如江海凝清光。
絳脣珠袖兩寂莫,況有弟子傳芬芳。
臨潁美人在白帝,妙舞此曲神揚揚。
與餘問答既有以,感時撫事增惋傷。
先帝侍女八千人,公孫劒器初第一。
五十年間似反掌,風塵傾動昏王室。
棃園子弟散如煙,女樂餘姿映寒日。
金粟堆南木已拱,瞿唐石城草蕭瑟。
玳筵急管曲復終,樂極哀來月東出。
老夫不知其所往,足繭荒山轉愁疾。
xī yǒu jiā rén gōng sūn shì, yī wǔ jiàn qì dòng sì fāng.
guàn zhě rú shān sè jǔ sàng, tiān dì wéi zhī jiǔ dī áng.
huò rú yì shè jiǔ rì luò, jiǎo rú qún dì cān lóng xiáng.
lái rú léi tíng shōu zhèn nù, bà rú jiāng hǎi níng qīng guāng.
jiàng chún zhū xiù liǎng jì mò, kuàng yǒu dì zǐ chuán fēn fāng.
lín yǐng měi rén zài bái dì, miào wǔ cǐ qǔ shén yáng yáng.
yǔ yú wèn dá jì yǒu yǐ, gǎn shí fǔ shì zēng wǎn shāng.
xiān dì shì nǚ bā qiān rén, gōng sūn jiàn qì chū dì yī.
wǔ shí nián jiān sì fǎn zhǎng, fēng chén qīng dòng hūn wáng shì.
lí yuán zǐ dì sàn rú yān, nǚ yuè yú zī yìng hán rì.
jīn sù duī nán mù yǐ gǒng, qú táng shí chéng cǎo xiāo sè.
dài yán jí guǎn qǔ fù zhōng, lè jí āi lái yuè dōng chū.
lǎo fū bù zhī qí suǒ wǎng, zú jiǎn huáng shān zhuǎn chóu jí.
Formerly there was a beauty of the Gongsun clan,
whose single dance with sword breath shook the four quarters.
Spectators were like mountains, their complexions dismayed,
Heaven and Earth for her sake long rose and fell.
Flashy like Yi shooting the nine suns down,
swiftly circling like a host of emperors riding dragons in flight.
Coming like thunder and lightning gathering its shaking wrath,
stopping like rivers and seas congealing clear light.
Crimson lips and pearl sleeves both silent and lonely,
how much more so when a disciple passes on the fragrance.
The Linying beauty is now at Baidi,
her wonderful dance to this tune makes the spirit soar high.
Our questions and answers already had their cause,
touched by the times and stroking affairs, grief and injury increase.
The late emperor's palace ladies were eight thousand,
and Gongsun's sword weapon was the very first.
Within fifty years it was like turning the palm,
dust and wind overturned and dimmed the royal house.
Pear Garden disciples scattered like smoke,
the female musicians' remaining graces reflected in the cold sun.
South of Jinmu Mound the trees are already hand-span thick,
at Qutang Stone Fortress the grass is desolate and bleak.
At the tortoise-shell banquet urgent pipes bring the tune to an end again,
joy reaches its extreme and sorrow arrives as the moon emerges in the east.
This old man knows not where he is going,
feet calloused in barren mountains, turning sorrowful and hurried.

I. Formal Poetic Architecture & Meter

This masterpiece belongs to the ancient-style regulated verse and ballad genre known as Song of Ballad Style. It utilizes irregular line lengths, varying between seven and nine characters, and features dynamic shifting rhymes that track the emotional cadence of the performance. The poem alternates between breathless, kinetic depictions of the dance and deeply elegiac reflections on imperial collapse, exhibiting Du Fu's signature mastery of tonal contrast and structural architecture.

II. Historical Chronology & Existential Impulse

Composed in the winter of 767 at Baidi City during the mid-Tang Dynasty, the poem looks back across the catastrophic divide of the An Lushan Rebellion. Du Fu reflects upon a performance by a disciple of Lady Gongsun, a legendary sword-dancer who had performed before Emperor Xuanzong at the height of Kaiyuan prosperity. The aging poet uses the fading arts of the imperial court as a poignant metaphor for dynastic ruin, personal displacement, and the tragic transience of human glory.

III. Line-by-Line Exegesis & Allusion Decoding

The poem traces a magnificent arc from the sensory brilliance of the imperial past to the desolate solitude of the poet's exile in Sichuan.

  • Lines 1-2 (Opening Couplet): Line 1 introduces Lady Gongsun, while Line 2 captures the earth-shaking impact of her sword-dance, utilizing cosmic hyperbole to establish the scale of her art.
  • Lines 3-4 (First Antithetical Turn): Line 3 employs the mythological allusion of archer Yi shooting down the suns to convey blinding speed, balanced against the cosmic oscillation of Heaven and Earth in Line 4.
  • Lines 5-6 (Second Antithetical Turn / Climax): Lines 7 and 8 provide a breathtaking synesthetic comparison of sound and stillness, comparing the onset of the dance to gathered thunder and its cessation to congealed ocean light.
  • Closing Lines (Resolving Couplet): The concluding lines transition from public spectacle to private desolation, where the rising eastern moon triggers an overwhelming wave of historical grief for the wandering, calloused-footed poet.

IV. Cultural Symbolism & Key Metaphors

The poem is rich in historical tokens and traditional aesthetic motifs that anchor its melancholic resonance.

  • Sword-Dance: Represents the supreme synthesis of martial prowess and refined artistic grace, embodying the dynamic energy that once sustained the Tang imperium.
  • Pear Garden: The iconic imperial academy of music and dance, which here serves as a poignant symbol of cultural devastation and the scattering of imperial talents following the rebellion.

V. Philosophical Core & Global Resonance

The underlying philosophical framework weaves Confucian historical consciousness with Daoist sorrow over impermanence. Du Fu laments the collapse of moral order and dynastic stability, yet his voice transcends partisan politics to touch upon universal human vulnerability. The poem stands as a monumental meditation on how physical art and individual memory outlive the empires that birthed them, resonating across global literature as an unmatched elegy for lost time.

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