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Song of the Ancient Cypress

Before the shrine of Kongming stands an ancient tree,
with limbs of dark bronze and roots of solid stone.
Its frosty bark streams rain across forty spans of girth,
its emerald crown pierces the heavens two thousand feet.
Monarch and minister met long ago in timely grace,
yet even this timber is cherished by men today.
Clouds gather, its breath linking the long Wuxia gorges;
the moon rises, its chill touching Snow Mountain's white.
I recall yesterday when my path wound east of Brocade Pavilion,
where the First Lord and Martial Marquis share a hidden shrine.
Its towering branches make the suburban plain look ancient;
through quiet, painted doorways, the empty chambers gleam.
Lofty and coiling, though rooted in honored soil,
its solitary height is lashed by fierce and bitter gales.
Divine spirits themselves reach out to prop its boughs;
such upright strength is truly the work of boundless creation.
Should a great mansion tilt, it calls for towering beams;
ten thousand oxen would turn back, dreading the mountain weight.
Its natural grain startles the world unpolished,
yet it shrinks not from the axe—who could escort its doom?
Can its bitter heart escape the nesting of wood-boring ants?
Yet its fragrant leaves lodge phoenixes and mystical birds at last.
Let noble scholars and secluded men lament no more:
since ancient times, the greatest talents are hard to use.
孔明廟前有老柏,柯如青銅根如石。
霜皮溜雨四十圍,黛色參天二千尺。
君臣已與時際會,樹木猶爲人愛惜。
雲來氣接巫峽長,月出寒通雪山白。
憶昨路繞錦亭東,先主武侯同閟宮。
崔嵬枝幹郊原古,窈窕丹青戶牖空。
落落盤踞雖得地,冥冥孤高多烈風。
扶持自是神明力,正直原因造化功。
大廈如傾要梁棟,萬牛回首丘山重。
不露文章世已驚,未辭剪伐誰能送。
苦心豈免容螻蟻,香葉終經宿鸞鳳。
志士幽人莫怨嗟,古來材大難爲用。
kǒng míng miào qián yǒu lǎo bǎi, kē rú qīng tóng gēn rú shí.
shuāng pí liū yǔ sì shí wéi, dài sè cān tiān èr qiān chǐ.
jūn chén yǐ yǔ shí jì huì, shù mù yóu wéi rén ài xī.
yún lái qì jiē wū xiá zhǎng, yuè chū hán tōng xuě shān bái.
yì zuó lù rào jǐn tíng dōng, xiān zhǔ wǔ hóu tóng bì gōng.
cuī wéi zhī gàn jiāo yuán gǔ, yǎo tiǎo dān qīng hù yǒu kōng.
luò luò pán jù suī dé dì, míng míng gū gāo duō liè fēng.
fú chí zì shì shén míng lì, zhèng zhí yuán yīn zào huà gōng.
dà shà rú qīng yào liáng dòng, wàn niú huí shǒu qiū shān zhòng.
bù lù wén zhāng shì yǐ jīng, wèi cí jiǎn fá shuí néng sòng.
kǔ xīn qǐ miǎn róng lóu yǐ, xiāng yè zhōng jīng suǒ luán fèng.
zhì shì yōu rén mò yuàn jiē, gǔ lái cái dà nán wéi yòng.
Before Kongming's temple there is an old cypress, boughs like bronze roots like stone.
Frost-bitten bark streaming rain forty spans round, dark green touching heaven two thousand feet.
Monarch and minister already with the times met and joined, trees still are by people cherished and loved.
Clouds come breath connects Wuxia's length, moon rises cold penetrates Snow Mountain's white.
Recalling yesterday path winding brocade pavilion east, First Lord and Martial Marquis sharing closed palace.
Towering branches and trunk suburban plain ancient, deep and quiet cinnabar paint doors and windows empty.
Lofty and coiled though obtaining earth, dark and solitary high many fierce winds.
Supporting itself is naturally divine spirit's power, uprightness causes creation's work.
Great mansion if tilting needs ridge-beams, ten thousand oxen turning heads hill-mountain heavy.
Unrevealed patterns world already startles, not declining lopping-down who can send.
Bitter heart how can avoid housing mole-crickets, fragrant leaves finally through lodge luan-birds and phoenixes.
Determined scholars and secluded hermits do not resent and sigh, since ancient times great talent is hard to be used.

I. Formal Poetic Architecture & Meter

This masterpiece belongs to the category of ancient-style regulated verse, specifically classified as an ancient-style long ballad. The poem utilizes shifting heptasyllabic lines that break away from the rigid tonal constraints of regulated verse to allow for a sweeping, dynamic emotional cadence. The rhyme scheme shifts fluidly across couplets, accommodating an expansive narrative arc that moves from physical description to historical reflection, and finally to philosophical lamentation.

II. Historical Chronology & Existential Impulse

Composed during the mid-Tang dynasty when Du Fu was enduring the hardships of displacement and political disillusionment, this poem reflects upon the legacy of Zhuge Liang, the legendary Chancellor of Shu Han. Visiting the memorial shrine in Kuizhou, the poet projects his own frustrated political idealism and unacknowledged talents onto the steadfast, weather-beaten cypress tree standing sentinel before the ancient ruins.

III. Line-by-Line Exegesis & Allusion Decoding

The poem follows a profound structural progression, beginning with vivid botanical realism and ascending toward cosmic and existential resignation.

  • Lines 1-2 (Opening Couplet): Establish the monumental presence of the cypress through stark tactile metaphors of metal and stone.
  • Lines 3-4 (First Antithetical Turn): Contrast the historical harmony of ancient monarchs and ministers with the enduring affection ordinary people hold for nature's monuments.
  • Lines 5-6 (Second Antithetical Turn / Climax): Situate the shrine within a vast, desolate landscape where celestial mists and glacial cold converge around the sacred architecture.
  • Closing Lines (Resolving Couplet): Synthesize the tragedy of exceptional talent, noting that while lowly insects nest within its bitter wood, divine phoenixes also find a home, offering solace to the marginalized scholar.

IV. Cultural Symbolism & Key Metaphors

The imagery within this ballad carries deep traditional resonances rooted in ancient Chinese aesthetic and moral philosophy.

  • Ancient Cypress: Serves as the ultimate emblem of moral integrity, unyielding resistance against corrupt political winds, and the tragic fate of the virtuous official.
  • Bitter Heart: Represents the internal suffering and resilience of the upright scholar whose very virtue invites adversity and attacks from petty minds.

V. Philosophical Core & Global Resonance

The poem articulates a poignant synthesis of Confucian moral duty and Daoist acceptance of fate. Du Fu laments the inability of the imperial state to employ grand talents for the reconstruction of society, echoing the universal tragedy of the gifted individual sidelined by bureaucratic mediocrity. Its exploration of endurance, spiritual dignity, and cosmic isolation transcends its Tang Dynasty context, speaking universally to the human condition.

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